Our Research
METY's self-assessment approach is grounded in published research by Dr. John Leddo, METY Foundation's Founder and Chief Education Officer, on self-assessment and Cognitive Structure Analysis (CSA) — a methodology for assessing what students actually know, not just whether they got an answer right. Below is a curated selection of 37 publications specifically about self-assessment and CSA, drawn from Dr. Leddo's full body of research.
Dr. Leddo has 123 publications in total. For the complete list, see his full ResearchGate profile.
2026
- Adaptive Chatbot Significantly Surpasses ChatGPT at Teaching and Assessing User Knowledge about Mental Health and Problematic Social Media Usage
- From F to B in 10 Minutes: Self-Assessment and Remediation Greatly Improves Educational Performance and Eliminates the Ethnicity Achievement Gap in AP Psychology Students
- Adaptive Health Chatbots for Teaching Personalized Health Concepts: A Study of Mety
- Improving Educational Performance by Assessing and Remediating Knowledge Rather Than Step-by-Step Performance
- A Self-Assessment Chatbot Greatly Outperforms Standard LLMs in Teaching Students
- The Cure for Education: Teaching Students to Self-Assess and Remediate Their Knowledge Gaps
- Incorporating Student Self-Assessment and Remediation into Classroom Instruction Greatly Improves Educational Performance in Senior Secondary Students in Nigeria
- Incorporating Student Self-Assessment and Remediation into Classroom Instruction Greatly Improves Educational Performance in High School Reading Students
- Incorporating Student Self-Assessment and Remediation into Classroom Instruction Greatly Improves Educational Performance in Elementary School Math Students
- The Impact of a Self-Evaluation Chatbot on High School Students' Learning of Cell Communication
- An Adaptive Self-Assessment Chatbot Greatly Outperforms ChatGPT in Teaching Students About the Health Topic of Stress
2025
- Improving Reading Comprehension in Elementary School Students in India by Teaching Them to Self-Assess and Remediate Their Own Learning Needs
- Using Self-Assessment and Remediation to Raise Chinese Primary School Student Achievement in Reading
- Using Self-Assessment and Remediation to Raise Elementary School Student Achievement in Reading Comprehension
- A Self-Assessment Chatbot Greatly Outperforms ChatGPT in Teaching High School Students Calculus
- Using Self-Assessment and Remediation to Raise Chinese Middle School Student Achievement in Physics
- Using Self-Assessment and Remediation to Raise Elementary School Student Achievement in Mathematics
- Improving the Effectiveness of Chatbots by Incorporating Self-Assessed User Knowledge into the Question-Answering Process
- Assessing and Remediating Knowledge Improves Problem-Solving Performance in Middle School Math Compared to Remediating Problem-Solving Steps
- Using Self-Assessment and Remediation to Raise Middle School Student Achievement in History
- Using Self-Assessment and Remediation to Raise College Student Achievement in Psychology
- Using Self-Assessment and Remediation to Raise Middle School Student Achievement in Science
- Using Self-Assessment and Remediation to Raise Middle School Student Achievement in Reading Comprehension
- Using Self-Assessment and Remediation to Raise Middle School Student Achievement in Math
- Using Self-Assessment and Remediation to Raise Student Achievement in History
- Using Self-Assessment and Remediation to Raise Student Achievement in Mathematics
- Using Self-Assessment and Remediation to Raise Student Achievement in Reading Comprehension
2024
- Student Independent Self Assessment: Testing the Efficiency of Self-Assessment in a Classroom Setting
- Improving Student Performance by Having Students Assess and Remediate Their Own Knowledge Deficiencies
- Cognitive Structure Analysis: A Technique for Assessing What Students Know, Not Just How They Perform
- Teaching Students to Self-Assess Their Knowledge of Chemistry Using Cognitive Structure Analysis
- Do You Want to Raise Student Achievement? Then, Assess and Remediate Knowledge, Not Problem-Solving Performance
2023
- Cognitive Structure Analysis: Assessing Elementary School Students in Math to Determine the Types of Knowledge They Have
- Teaching Students to Self-Assess Using Cognitive Structure Analysis: Helping Students Determine What They Do and Do Not Know
- Cognitive Structure Analysis: Assessing Students' Knowledge of Precalculus
- The Effectiveness of Cognitive Structure Analysis in Assessing Students' Knowledge of the Scientific Method